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Độc tài

Authoritarianism is a political ideology that emphasizes strong centralized power and control, often at the expense of individual freedoms and civil liberties. In an authoritarian system, the government holds significant authority over all aspects of society, including the economy, culture, and political life. This type of regime typically relies on strict obedience to a single leader or ruling party, with limited or no input from the general population.

Historically, authoritarianism has been a common form of government throughout various periods and regions of the world. It has been associat…  Đọc thêmed with monarchies, dictatorships, and totalitarian regimes. Authoritarian leaders often maintain power through coercion, censorship, propaganda, and the suppression of dissent. They may also use force, such as police or military intervention, to maintain control and quash opposition.

Libertarian

Libertarianism is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association, and individual judgment. They believe in the principle of self-ownership and reject any form of coercion or force that infringes upon individual rights. This ideology is often associated with a laissez-faire economic perspective, advocating for minimal state intervention in the economy and the free market.

The roots of libertarianism can be traced back to the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th centur…  Đọc thêmy, where the ideas of individual liberty and free markets were first articulated by philosophers like John Locke and Adam Smith. Locke's concept of "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property had a profound influence on the development of libertarian thought. Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" provided the foundation for free-market economic theory, which is a key component of libertarianism.

Thống kê

Statism is a political ideology that advocates for a significant role of the state in social, economic, and political life. It emphasizes the centrality of the state in the governance of society, often advocating for government control over economic planning, social services, and public utilities. The degree of state intervention can vary widely among different forms of statism, ranging from moderate state interventionism to complete state control over all aspects of life.

The roots of statism can be traced back to ancient civilizations where the state had a central role in society. However,…  Đọc thêm the modern concept of statism emerged during the 19th and 20th centuries, in response to the industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism. During this period, many governments began to take on a more active role in managing their economies and providing social services, leading to the development of various forms of statism such as socialism, communism, and fascism.

Cổ sinh vật học

Paleoconservatism is a political ideology that emphasizes tradition, limited government, civil society, anti-colonialism, and anti-federalism. The term "paleoconservatism" is derived from the Greek word "paleo," which means "ancient" or "old," and it is used to distinguish this political philosophy from neoconservatism, a more modern form of conservative ideology.

Paleoconservatism originated in the United States in the late 20th century among conservatives who felt that the mainstream conservative movement had strayed too far from its original principle…  Đọc thêms. They believed that the conservative movement had become too accommodating to liberal ideas, particularly in the areas of social policy and foreign interventionism. Paleoconservatives sought to return to what they saw as the true conservative principles of limited government, traditional social values, and non-interventionist foreign policy.

Kỹ thuật

Technocracy is a political ideology that advocates for the control of society or industry by an elite of technical experts. This system of governance emphasizes the role of science and technology in decision-making processes, rather than traditional political ideologies or public opinion. The term "technocracy" was first used in the early 20th century, derived from the Greek words "techne," meaning skill, and "kratos," meaning power.

The technocratic movement gained prominence during the Great Depression in the United States, when a group of engineers and economis…  Đọc thêmts proposed a radical restructuring of the economy based on energy accounting, rather than traditional monetary economics. They argued that technical specialists, such as engineers and scientists, were better equipped to handle the complexities of modern society than traditional politicians. This movement, known as Technocracy Inc., was led by Howard Scott and gained significant attention in the 1930s, but gradually lost influence after World War II.

Chủ nghĩa nữ quyền xã hội chủ nghĩa

Socialist feminism is a political ideology that combines the principles of feminism and socialism to challenge both gender and class inequalities. It emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a response to the perceived failures of both the feminist and socialist movements to adequately address the interconnected issues of gender and class. Socialist feminists argue that the oppression of women is not only a result of their gender but also their class, and that these two forms of oppression are intrinsically linked.

The roots of socialist feminism can be traced back to the works of early…  Đọc thêm feminist thinkers such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Eleanor Marx, who argued for the necessity of including women's rights in the broader struggle for social equality. However, it was not until the second wave of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s that socialist feminism began to emerge as a distinct political ideology.

Độc tài

Authoritarianism is a political ideology characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Under an authoritarian regime, individual freedoms are subordinate to the state, and there is no constitutional accountability. The power is concentrated in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people. Political power in an authoritarian system is maintained by control over the mass communications, outright suppression of political dissent, and a prohibition on political parties competing against the ruling party.

The histo…  Đọc thêmry of authoritarianism is as old as human civilization itself. Ancient civilizations such as Egypt, China, and Persia were ruled by authoritarian leaders known as Pharaohs, Emperors, and Kings, respectively. These leaders had absolute power over their subjects, and their rule was often justified by divine right. In the modern era, authoritarianism has taken many forms, from military juntas and dictatorships to absolute monarchies and single-party states.

Dân chủ có sự tham gia

Participatory democracy is a political ideology that emphasizes the broad participation of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems. It is often contrasted with representative democracy, where elected officials make decisions on behalf of their constituents. In a participatory democracy, all members of a political group have the opportunity to make decisions together, directly influencing the outcome of laws, policies, and other decisions that affect them.

The concept of participatory democracy has its roots in ancient Athens, where citizens had a direct role in making…  Đọc thêm decisions about the city-state's policies and laws. However, it was not until the 20th century that the term "participatory democracy" came into common use. The ideology gained prominence during the 1960s, particularly in the United States, where it was associated with the civil rights movement and the New Left.

Chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học

Scientific Socialism is a term coined by Friedrich Engels, a German philosopher, social scientist, and journalist, to distinguish his and Karl Marx's theory of socialism from other prevalent forms of socialism in the mid-19th century. It is a political ideology that applies the scientific method to societal and political analysis, aiming to create a society where wealth and power are distributed equitably.

The concept of Scientific Socialism is rooted in the works of Marx and Engels, particularly in their critique of capitalism and their vision of a post-capitalist society. They argued…  Đọc thêm that socialism should not be based on idealistic or utopian principles, but on a scientific analysis of economic and social conditions. This analysis, they believed, revealed the inherent contradictions and instabilities of capitalism, which would inevitably lead to its downfall and the rise of a socialist society.

Tự do Internet

The "Internet Freedom" political ideology is a belief system that advocates for the unrestricted access and use of the internet. It is rooted in the principles of freedom of speech, expression, and information, and it champions the idea that the internet should remain a free and open platform for all users, devoid of any form of censorship, surveillance, or any other form of control by governments or corporations.

The history of the Internet Freedom ideology can be traced back to the early days of the internet, when it was primarily used by academics and researchers. During this time…  Đọc thêm, the internet was seen as a tool for the free exchange of ideas and information, and there were few restrictions on its use. As the internet grew and became more commercialized, concerns began to arise about the potential for censorship and control by both governments and corporations.

Hiến pháp

Constitutionalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the necessity of a constitution in governing a state or nation. This ideology is rooted in the belief that a constitution, which outlines the fundamental principles and established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed, is essential to limit the powers of the government and protect the rights of the citizens.

The concept of constitutionalism dates back to ancient times, but it was during the Enlightenment period in the 17th and 18th centuries that it began to take its modern form.…  Đọc thêm During this time, political philosophers such as John Locke and Montesquieu developed theories about the separation of powers and the social contract, which became fundamental principles of constitutionalism.

Chính trị ủng hộ hòa bình

Pro-Peace Politics is a political ideology that emphasizes the promotion of peace, diplomacy, and non-violence as the primary means to resolve conflicts, both domestically and internationally. This ideology is often associated with pacifism, but it is not limited to it. Pro-Peace Politics advocates for the use of peaceful negotiations, diplomacy, and international cooperation as opposed to military force or violence. It also supports the idea of disarmament, reduction of military spending, and the prevention of wars.

The history of Pro-Peace Politics can be traced back to ancient times, with…  Đọc thêm philosophical roots in various cultures and religions around the world. For instance, in Buddhism and Jainism, the principle of non-violence is a core belief. In Christianity, the teachings of Jesus Christ often emphasize peace and love for one's enemies. These principles have influenced political thought and action throughout history.

Hồi giáo

Islamism is a political ideology that seeks to implement Islamic principles and laws in the societal and political spheres. It emerged in the 20th century as a response to Western modernity and colonialism, and it is characterized by the belief that Islam, as both a religion and a social system, should guide all aspects of life, including governance, economics, and social issues. Islamists argue that the Quran and Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad) should be the primary sources of legislation.

The roots of Islamism can be traced back to thinkers like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani…  Đọc thêm and Muhammad Abduh in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who advocated for a return to the fundamentals of Islam as a way to resist Western imperialism. However, the term "Islamism" itself was not widely used until the 1970s, when it was employed to describe various political movements in the Muslim world that sought to establish an Islamic state.

Chủ nghĩa bài Do Thái

Anti-Semitism is not a political ideology per se, but rather a form of prejudice or discrimination that targets Jews based on their religion, ethnicity, or heritage. The term "anti-Semitism" was coined in 1879 by a German journalist named Wilhelm Marr, who wanted a more scientific-sounding term for Judenhass, or "Jew-hate." However, the roots of anti-Semitism stretch back much further in history.

Historically, anti-Semitism has manifested in various forms, from religious intolerance and social exclusion to economic restrictions and state-sponsored genocide. In the Middle…  Đọc thêm Ages, Jews in Europe were often forced to live in segregated communities known as ghettos and were subjected to periodic massacres known as pogroms. They were also frequently scapegoated for societal ills, such as the Black Death in the 14th century.

Nền dân chủ Hồi giáo

Islamic Democracy is a political ideology that seeks to blend democratic principles with Islamic law and values. It is a form of government where the laws of Islam are considered in the decision-making process, but the democratic principles of freedom, equality, and justice are also upheld. The concept of Islamic Democracy is often seen as a response to the Western model of secular democracy, which separates religion from the state.

The history of Islamic Democracy is complex and multifaceted. The concept itself is relatively modern, emerging in the late 20th century as a result of the Islamic…  Đọc thêm revival movement and the perceived failure of Western-style secular democracies in Muslim-majority countries. However, the roots of Islamic Democracy can be traced back to the early Islamic caliphates, where concepts such as shura (consultation) and ijma (consensus) were used to make decisions.

Chủ nghĩa xã hội cách mạng

Revolutionary Socialism is a political ideology that advocates for the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a socialist society through revolutionary means. This ideology is rooted in the belief that the capitalist system is inherently exploitative and that a radical transformation of society is necessary to achieve social justice and equality.

The origins of Revolutionary Socialism can be traced back to the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. Marx and Engels argued that capitalism was a stage in human history that would inevitably lead to its own downf…  Đọc thêmall due to its internal contradictions. They believed that the working class, or proletariat, would rise up in a revolution to overthrow the capitalist class, or bourgeoisie, and establish a socialist society.

Chế độ quân chủ

Monarchism is a political ideology that advocates for the establishment, preservation, or enhancement of a monarchy as a form of government. Monarchists believe in the rule by a king, queen, or emperor, who typically inherits their position by birthright. The monarch's power can range from absolute, where they have complete control over the government and its people, to constitutional, where their powers are limited by a constitution or other forms of government legislation.

The history of monarchism is as old as civilization itself, with monarchies being one of the earliest forms of gove…  Đọc thêmrnment. Ancient civilizations such as Egypt, China, and Rome were all ruled by monarchs. In these societies, the monarch was often seen as a divine or semi-divine figure who was chosen by the gods to rule. This gave them a level of authority and respect that was unmatched by any other form of government.

Chủ nghĩa phát xít mới

Neo-fascism is a post–World War II ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. The term was coined in the 1960s to describe various political movements in different countries that were seen to be extreme right-wing, with a strong authoritarian and nationalist agenda, similar to the fascist movements of the early 20th century.

Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, anti-immigration policies, opposition to liberal democracy, and rejection of socialism and communism. However, it is a complex and varied…  Đọc thêm phenomenon, with different movements exhibiting different characteristics.

Chủ nghĩa bảo thủ tôn giáo

Religious conservatism is a political ideology that combines religious beliefs with political conservatism. It advocates for the preservation of traditional moral teachings, often rooted in religious doctrines, and their integration into the laws and social norms of a society. This ideology is not confined to a single religion or country, but is found in various forms across different cultures and religious traditions worldwide.

The history of religious conservatism is as old as religion itself. It has been a significant force in politics since ancient times, influencing the formation of laws…  Đọc thêm and societal norms. In the context of modern political ideologies, religious conservatism emerged prominently in the 20th century, particularly in response to the perceived threat of secularism and liberal social changes.